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The C Programming Language
The C Programming -: is a computer programming book written by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie, the latter of whom originally designed and implemented the language, as well as co-designed the Unix operating system with which development of the language was closely intertwined. The book was central to the development and popularization of the C programming language and is still widely read and used today. Because the book was co-authored by the original language designer, and because the first edition of the book served for many years as the de facto standard for the language, the book was regarded by many to be the authoritative reference on C.
C was created by Denni Ritchie at bell labs in the early 1970s as an augmented version of men thompson's B, Another Bell Labs employee, , had written the first C tutorial,and he persuaded Ritchie to coauthor a book on the language.Kernighan would write most of the book's "expository" material, and Ritchie's reference manual became its appendices.
Syntax - :
# include<stidio;h>
It's a standard liabrary , standard input/output hear h is a meant by header file # include <conio;h>
In a way in mathematics have a formulas to solve it
The same way C language has syntaxl hu strategy to write program # is i have link to standard input/output header file through
" Conio h " is console input/output. If you have to perform any console you to give a text include
Void main( ) is a return type void main and
the entry point for execution in C program. The void is a keyword that represents function will not return anything but a void value. Main is the name of the function and () represents parameter list that can be passed to function in this case nothing is passe
Void means nothing or empty. void main() - means here main() return nothing.int main() - means here main() returns an integer value.
Transcribed image text: #include #include <stdio.h> <string.h> void pe6-7( void ) char input[81 int i; int length; printf( "Enter a word: ")i scanf ("%s", input ); length = strlen ( input); for (i length - 1; i >= 0; i--) printf("%c", input [1]): printf("In"
Void main ( )
Printf(" ") is used to get output
Scanf( " ") is used to give input
Basically it so important
Printf (" ") and scanf (" ") both are predefine function
Now the things are concerned that how to install TURBO " C at where you work
First you have to visit on Google browser and search // turbo C downloaded then Press enter
Void main( )
{
Printf ( " C programming");
Getch( );
}
Getch is used to holding screen
When The coding is completed
To run it press Ctrl + F9
Or go to compile and click run tab
What is the keywords- : keywords is a reserved word whose meaning already find in the compile
Type of keywords -: 32
Int Extern For Size of
Chat Go to Const Short
Float Break If Struct
Double Continue Else Union
Void. Do. Type of Enum
Auto Switch Signed volatile
Register Case Unsigne Default
Return while Statics Long
Note -: we can't use any keywords as a variable and as a method Name for own purpose task
Like -
Int float = 10 ;
Here we can't use of float as a variable the because float is a keyword
If I write double (i) is a error prosess
Void main (" " );
{
Printf (" ");
}
What is the data type -: data type is a specific size & type of value that can be stored in variable
Int a = 10
Size of ( a );
Two types of data type
1 -: primary data type
2 -: secondry data type
1 -: primary data type -:
a- int ( 2 bytes -32768 to + 32767)
b- char(1 byte -128 to + 127 )
c- float (4 bytes & 1.175E^-38 to 3.4E ^-39)
d- double (8 bytes)
e- void (0 byte)
2 -: Secondry -:
Array
Pointer
Structures
Union
All Secondry type have no file of fix size specelly its size depends on its programming
How to find out size of data type -:
As title // find out data size type "
Int a ;
Printf ( " %d ") ;
Output xxxxxx
Clrscr ( ) ; is used to remove first output results
For int %d. Or %l
For float % f is used
Int a = 10
{
Printf ("%d", ; size of (a) ; or
Printf(" %d",a) ;
Getch() ;
}
For Output press Ctrl F9
What is Variable -: is a memory location where we store data
for store any data in this location
Example: the situation in memory after the execution of the statements
is shown in the following diagram.String s,t,u; s = "xxx"; t = "yyy"; u = t;
int a ; is // globle variable Void main ( )
{
Int b ; is a local variable
Static C ; is a static variable
}
Clrsce ( );
Printf ("%d",a);
Printf ("%d",b);
Printf ("%d",c);
Getch( );
0287600
To get Output prss Ctrl+F9
Or go to compile click on run
This out come come in rows is visibly good
If this result would come in columns then it's be understandable results
Like -: 0
28760
0
I have to add (" %d\n ");
Printf ("%d\n",a);
Printf ("%d\n",b);
Printf ("%d\n",c);
Getch ( );
0
28760
0
What is identifier -: identifier is refer to the name that is use to identify variable function and so on .
Example -
Int a;
Int b;
Both are variable is identifier but all identifier are not variable
Void sum( );
Void Fun ( );
Functions are identifier but all identifier are not function
What is the operator -: operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform mathematical and logical task
Type of operator -:
1 -: Arithmetic operetors (+, - , * ,% , ÷ )
2 -: Relational operators (>, < , ! , <= , >= )
3 -: Logical operators (& , : , ! ")
4 : Increament/decreament operators (++ ,-- )
(a) -: post increament/post decreament
(a ++ , a- -)
(b)-: preincreament / predecreamen
(++a , - - a)
5 -: ternary operators ( ? , ; )
6 -: assignment operators ( = )
Int a = 10;
Printf("%d\n",a); //10
Printf("%d\n",++a); // 11
Printf("%d\n",a++); // 11
Printf("%d\n",- - a); // 11 - 12
Printf("%d\n",a - -); // 11
Printf("%d\n",a); // 10
Getch ( );
10
11
11
11
11
1o . output come
Compound assignment operators is
a+ = 10
Simple assignment operators is
a = 10
According to compound assignment operators
a+ = 10
Printf ( "%d\n",a);
Getch( );
Output is 20
All compound assignment operators have double valuation of itself in condition (" a+ ")
Ternary operators work with two variables Here two variables
Int a = 10 , b = 20
Printf ("%d\n",(a>b)?(a:b);
Getch( );
Here Output is 20
Through ternary operation two variables are comparisoned each other ,the variable having more valuation will be printed on screan
If i a change into 50 then first statment will be true and 50 printed
Logical operators -:
Int a= 60 b= 30
Clrscr( );
Printf ("%d\n",(a>b)&&(a>b));
Printf ("%d\n",(a>b): : (a<b));
Printf ("%d\n",! (a>b);
Getch( );
Out printed as 1
0
0
Here first statement is true and printed 1
Rest of both are false
There by printed o ,o next to
Conditional statements -:
1 -: if statment
2 -: if else statement ( is used in 2 condition)
3 -: if else statement ( is used in more than 2 condition)
4 -: Nested if statement (is used in such conditions when a condition is under another condition
5 -: Switch statement
What is if statement -: if statement is used when want to test a condition
Syntax :
If ( condition)
{
|| Statement ;
}
Void main ( )
{
Int password ;
}
Printf (" Enter password , ! ") ;
Scanf( "%d",& password) ;
If( password ==24484)
{
Printf ("welcome") ;
}
Printf ("main function end")
Getch( );
If given statement "password 24484" is true
Than print. " welcome "
Otherwise " main function end "
Here given first statement is true ,"welcome " will be printed
If else statement -: it is used to execute two statements either if statement or else statement for a single condition
Syntax :
If ( condition)
{
|| Statement 1 ;
}
Else
{
|| Statement 2 ;
}
Algorithm -:
Step 1 -: start
Step 2 -: input age
Step 3 -: if age greater than 18 years
Step 4 -: stop
Int age ;
Clrscr( ) ;
Printf ("Enter age, !\n") ;
Scanf( " %d",&age);
If (age >=18)
{
Printf(" eligible for vote") ;
}
Else
{
Prinf(" not eligible for vote");
}
Getch( );
To find out output
If first condition is true then execute first condition
Otherwise by default second condition will be executed
And printed as it's executing prosess
Flow chart of if else -:
What is if else if statement -:
The use of if else if statement is needed when I have multiple conditions to execute statements
Syntax :
If ( condition 1)
{
Statement 1
}
Else if ( conditions 2 )
{
Statement 2
}
Else
{
Statement 3
}
In this statment if first condition will be found false then second condition will be execute if it also found false then again execute next condition if last condition is true then last statement will be printed
Int. marks;
Clrscr( ) ;
Scanf ("%d",& marks) ;
If ( marks = 100)
{
Printf ("genius") ;
}
Else if ( marks >=80 && marks <100)
{
Printf (" topper") ;
}
Else if ( marks >= 60 && marks <=79 )
{
Printf (" first ");
}
Else
{
Printf ( " Average student")
}
Getch( );
The output come as per executing of condition
If first condition will be executed ,the outcome " genius "
What is loop -: loop is used to repeat a block
Of code untill the given condition Is true
Type -:
While loop
For Loop
Do while loop
It keep on checking every condition until it get a true condition
Syntax -:
While ( condition)
{
\\ statement ;
}
Void main ( )
Int i = 1;
While (i<=10)
{
Printf ("%d",1);
++ i
}
Getch( ) ;
Output Printed as 12345678910
Here it get ( i <= 10 ) that is true and print 1
Again it execute the same condition ,the condition is found true print 2 ,it keep on printing until get i = 10
If give another condition as i >= 10
Here condition found fals while i = 1
Do while loop -: The do while construct consists of a process symbol and a condition. First, the code within the block is executed, and then the condition is evaluated.
Syntax -:
Do
{
Statement
}
While (condition);
Int i= 1;
Clrscr( ) ;
Do
{
Printf ( "%i",i);
++ i ;
}
While (i<=10);
Getch ( );
Do
{
Printf ("% i", i);
++ i ;
}
While ( i<=0);
Getch( );
Out put. 0
Here condition is found false, is not executed
For Loop -: which allows code to be executed repeatedly. Various keywords are used to specify this statement.
For ( inti = 1; i<=10; i++)
{
printf ("%", i);
}
Get( );
\\12345678910.
Output Printed as
If i give another condition ( i>=10 )
After executing this statment
The output come in descending order
\\ 10987654321
Nested loops
A nested loop is a loop inside a loop.
The "inner loop" will be executed one time for each iteration of the "outer loop":
Clrscr ( );
For (i=1; i<5; i++)
{
For ( j=1; j<=i ; j++)
{
Printf (" * "));
}
Printf (" \n");
}
Getch ( );
*
**
***
****
Printed -: *****
Since the code block of a loop can include any legal C++ statements, you can place a loop inside of a loop. The inner loop is nested inside the outer loop.
Nested loops are useful when for each pass through the outer loop, you need to repeat some action on the data in the outer loop. For example, you read a file line by line and for each line you must count how many times the word “the” is found. The outer loop would read the lines and the inner loop would search each line for “the” by looping through the words in the line.
Breaking out of a loop
The C++ statement called break provides a way to break out a loop early. The break statement is placed within the body of the loop usually as part of an if statement.
In the example, the loop is set to run a maximum of 50 times but the user can quit the loop at any time by specifying a specific input, q in this case.
Should you use break?
The use of break statements is not recommended. We expect the iteration of a loop to be controlled by the true/false statements in the while and do-while and the for loop header sections. Adding a means to suddenly stop the loop outside of the normal approach can make code difficult to understand and debug.
We can rewrite the above code to stop when the user enters q without having to use a break statement such as follows.
Using break in a nested loop
In a nested loop, a break statement only stops the loop it is placed in. Therefore, if a break is placed in the inner loop, the outer loop still continues. However, if the break is placed in the outer loop, all of the looping stops.
What Is array -:
Array is a collection of similar type of data items ina contiguous memory lactation
Note : (1 ) array index always start from zero
Syntax -: datatype array name (size)
Int a ( 5 ) {65 46 68 86 75 }
Type -:
1D array
2D array
Write a program to show the example of 2D &1D array
Int main( )
{
Int a ( 5 ) ={ 65 46 68 86 75 };
Int i;
For ( i=0; i<5; i++)
{
Printf ("%d",a(i));
}
Return 0;
What is function - :
Functions are a block of code which take input from the user processe it and produce output
Note -:
Function run only when it is called otherwise will not run
Types
User defined. Predefined
Void add( );. Printf ( );
Int. sum ( ); scanf ( );
Void main ( ); puts( );
Use defined function
Return type function name ( )
{
|| Statement
}
Int. Sum ( int a , int b)
{
Return a+b;
}
Int main ( )
{
Int store = sum (10,20);
Printf ("%d", store);
}
Getch( );
What is storages class -:
Storage class define the scope and lifetime of variable and function
Type -:
(i) -: auto
(ii) -: static
(iii) -: Extern
(iv) -: Register
Storage. Memory default. Scope Lifetim
Auto Ram garbage with in Still
block block
Is
Active
Static Ram 0 with in. Till
Block trmnt
P Extern. Ram 0. Any where " "
Register. Register garbage with in Still
block block
LIs
Active
When the variable is under the block is called
Local variabl
Int main ( );
Auto int a = 20 ; \\ local
{
If ( 1= i )
{ Auto int b= 20; //local
Printf ("%d",a);
Printf ("%d", b);
}
Return 0;
}
Output 10 20
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